A Feminist Analysis of Shakespeares Hamlet

A Feminist Analysis of Shakespeares Hamlet According to feminist scholars, the canonical texts of Western literature represent the voices of those who have been given the power to speak in Western culture. The authors of the Western canon are predominately white men, and many critics consider their voices to be domineering, exclusionary, and biased in favor of a male point of view. This complaint has led to much debate between critics and defenders of the canon. To explore some of these issues, we will examine Shakespeares Hamlet, one of the most famous and widely read works of the Western canon. The Western Canon and Its Critics One of the most prominent and vocal defenders of the canon is Harold Bloom, author of the bestseller The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages. In this book, Bloom lists the works that he believes constitute the canon (from Homer to the present) and argues for their safeguarding. He also spells out who, in his view, the canons critics and enemies are. Bloom groups these opponents, including feminist scholars who wish to revise the canon, into one School of Resentment. His contention is that these critics are striving, for their own peculiar reasons, to invade the world of academia and replace the traditional, largely canonical programs of the past with a new curriculumin Blooms words, a politicized curriculum. Blooms defense of the Western canon rests on its aesthetic value. The focus of his complaint is that,  among the professions of literary teachers, critics, analysts, reviewers and authors too, there has been an increasingly noticeable  flight from the aesthetic brought on by an unfortunate attempt to assuage displaced guilt. In other words, Bloom believes that the academic feminists, Marxists, Afrocentrists, and other critics of the canon are motivated by a political desire to correct the sins of the past by replacing the literary works from those eras. In turn, these critics of the canon argue that Bloom and his sympathizers are racists and sexists, that they are excluding the under-represented, and that they oppose...adventure and new interpretations. Feminism in Hamlet For Bloom, the greatest of the canonical authors is Shakespeare, and one of the works Bloom most celebrates in The Western Canon is Hamlet. This play, of course, has been celebrated by all kinds of critics through the ages. The feminist complaintthat the Western canon, in the words of Brenda Cantar, is generally not from the point of view of a woman and that womens voices are virtually ignoredis supported by the evidence of Hamlet. This play, which supposedly fathoms the human psyche, does not reveal much at all about the two major female characters. They act either as a theatrical balance to the male characters or as a sounding board for their fine speeches and actions. Bloom gives fuel to the feminist claim of sexism when he observes that Queen Gertrude,  recently the recipient of several Feminist defenses, requires no apologies. She is evidently a woman of exuberant sexuality, who inspired  luxurious  passion first in  King Hamlet  and later in King Claudius.  If this is the best that Bloom can offer in suggesting the substance of Gertrudes character, it would serve us well to examine further some of the complaints of the feminists regarding the female voice in Shakespeare. Cantar points out that  both the male and female psyches are a construction of cultural forces, such as class differences, racial and national differences, historical differences. What more influential cultural force could there have been in Shakespeares time than that of patriarchy? The  patriarchal society  of the Western world had powerfully negative implications for the freedom of women to express themselves, and in turn, the psyche of the woman was almost entirely subsumed (artistically, socially, linguistically, and legally) by the cultural psyche of the man. Sadly, the male regard for the female was inextricably connected to the female body. Since men were assumed to be dominant over women, the female body was considered the mans property, and its sexual objectification was an open topic of conversation. Many of Shakespeares plays make this very clear, including Hamlet. The sexual innuendo in Hamlets dialogue with Ophelia would have been transparent to a Renaissance audience, and apparently acceptable. Referring to a double meaning of nothing, Hamlet says to her: Thats a fair thought to lie between maids legs. It is a tawdry joke for a noble prince to share with a young woman of the court; however, Hamlet is not shy to share it, and Ophelia seems not at all offended to hear it. But then, the author is a male writing in a male-dominated culture, and the dialogue represents his point of view, not necessarily that of a cultured woman, who might feel differently about such humor. Gertrude and Ophelia To Polonius, the chief counselor to the king, the greatest threat to the social order is cuckoldry or the unfaithfulness of a woman to her husband. For this reason, critic Jacqueline Rose writes that Gertrude is the symbolic scapegoat of the play. Susanne Wofford interprets Rose to mean that Gertrudes betrayal of her husband is the cause of Hamlets anxiety. Marjorie Garber points to an abundance of phallocentric imagery and language in the play, revealing Hamlets subconscious focus on his mothers apparent infidelity. All of these feminist interpretations, of course, are drawn from the male dialogue, for the text gives us no direct information about Gertrudes actual thoughts or feelings on these matters. In a sense, the queen is denied a voice in her own defense or representation. Likewise, the object Ophelia (the object of Hamlets desire) is also denied a voice. In the view of author Elaine Showalter, she is  portrayed in the play as an insignificant minor character created mainly as an instrument to better represent Hamlet.  Deprived of thought, sexuality, language, Ophelias story becomes the Story of Othe zero, the empty circle or mystery of feminine difference, the cipher of female sexuality to be deciphered by feminist interpretation. This depiction is reminiscent of many of the women in Shakespearean drama and comedy. Perhaps it begs for the efforts of interpretation that, by Showalters account, so many have tried to make of Ophelias character. An eloquent and scholarly interpretation of many of Shakespeares women would surely be welcome. A Possible Resolution Showalters insight about the representation of men and women in Hamlet, though it may be viewed as a complaint, is actually something of a resolution between the critics and defenders of the canon. What she has  done, through a close reading of a character that is now famous, is focus the attention of both groups on a piece of common ground. Showalters analysis is part of a concerted effort, in Cantars words, to  alter cultural perceptions of gender, those represented in the canon of great literary works. Surely a scholar like Bloom recognizes that there is a need...to  study the institutional practices and social arrangements that have both invented and sustained the literary canon. He could concede this without giving an inch in his defense of aestheticismthat is, literary quality. The most prominent feminist critics (including Showalter and Garber) already recognize the canons aesthetic greatness, regardless of the male dominance of the past. Meanwhile, one may suggest for the future that the New Feminist movement continue searching out worthy female writers and promoting their works on aesthetic grounds, adding them to the Western canon as they deserve. There is surely an extreme imbalance between the male and female voices represented in the Western canon. The sorry gender discrepancies in Hamlet are an unfortunate example of this. This imbalance must be remedied by women writers themselves, for they can most accurately represent their own views. But, to adapt two quotes by ​Margaret Atwood, the proper path in accomplishing this is for women to become better [writers] in order to add social validity to their views; and female critics have to be willing to give writing by men the same kind of serious attention they themselves want from men for womens writing. In the end, this is the finest way to restore the balance and allow all of us to truly appreciate the literary voices of humankind. Sources Atwood, Margaret.  Second Words: Selected Critical Prose. House of Anansi Press. Toronto. 1982.Bloom, Harold. An Elegy for the Canon.  Book of Readings, 264-273. English 251B. Distance Education.  University of Waterloo. 2002.Bloom, Harold.  The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages. Riverhead Books. The Berkley Publishing Group. New York. 1994.Cantar, Brenda. Lecture 21. English 251B. University of Waterloo, 2002.Kolodny, Annette. Dancing Through the Minefield.  Book of Readings, 347-370. English 251B. Distance Education. University of Waterloo, 2002.Shakespeare, William.  Hamlet. Bedford/St. Martins Edition. Susanne L. Wofford. Editor. Boston/New York: Bedford Books. 1994.Showalter, Elaine.  Representing Ophelia: Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism. Macmillan, 1994.Wofford, Susanne.  William Shakespeare, Hamlet. Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1994.

Uses of the Past Participle

Uses of the Past Participle Uses of the Past Participle Uses of the Past Participle By Maeve Maddox Participle is a grammatical term I fling about quite often. A recent reader’s comment made me realize that not everyone is completely clear about what the word means. Instead of trying to cover both participles in one post, I’ll focus on the â€Å"past participle† in this one and save the â€Å"present participle† for another time. The word participle comes from Latin participium. The definition of the Latin term also applies to the English participle: â€Å"a non-finite part of a verb, having some characteristics of a verb and some of an adjective.† The past participle is one of five basic verb forms called the â€Å"principal parts of the verb.† All the tenses are constructed from these five verb forms: Infinitive: to write Simple Present: write Simple Past (preterite): wrote Past Participle: (has) written Present Participle: writing Only two of these principal parts can be used â€Å"as is† in a sentence: the simple present and the simple past. They are fully functional verbs because they show tense (time). Because their forms contain the idea of time, they are called â€Å"finite verbs.† The other three forms, including the past participle, do not show time. Verb forms that do not show time are called â€Å"non-finite verbs.† Because they cannot function as complete verbs in themselves, they are called verbals, â€Å"words related to verbs.† As a verbal, the past participle retains some functions of a verb while functioning as an adjective. In the following example, written is an adjective qualifying a noun phrase. At the same time, it is modified by prepositional phrases: Written in code between 1660 and 1669, the diary of Samuel Pepys was first published in 1825. The past participle of a regular verb is identical in form to the simple past: both end in -ed: Infinitive: to live Simple Present: live Simple Past (preterite): lived Past Participle: (has) lived Present Participle: living Here, drawn at random from one of the Cadfael novels by Ellis Peters, are some examples of the adjectival use of the past participle: FitzHamon’s marred face curdled into deeper purple. Even thus, frustrated like a mewed hawk, she had a graceful gait. Prior Heribert, shocked and dismayed, fell to prayer. Bewildered and confused by so sudden a reversal, the prior confided and obeyed like a child. He went out through the frozen garden to his herbarium. A common error with this use of the past participle is the â€Å"misplaced modifier.† For example: Stacked by the entrance to the stables, we made our delivery of hay bales. This type of error can be avoided by rewriting the sentence to place the word being described by the participle closer to it: We left our delivery of hay bales stacked by the entrance to the stables. Stacked by the entrance to the stables, the hay bales showed that we’d made the delivery. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceItalicizing Foreign WordsGrammatical Case in English

Strategic Planning and Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic Planning and Implementation - Essay Example As every country in Europe, Germany has much association with the liberal ideas. Political attitudes, supporting liberal democracy, are changing gradually. The new generation is more democratic in their thoughts. German political leaders are apt to be more law oriented, fiscally conservative, and formalistic reflecting their acquaintance with economics and law. Germany economy is the largest in Europe. It has been badly impacted by the recent economic downturn, and so being operated in this economy, the company also got the hit. This was the economic force which affected the operation in a great way. Germany is one of the leading countries on the globe. The German work force is mostly engaged in service sector. The whole workforce in mainly divided in certain groups; the elite, who are well trained and well educated, skilled workers and unskilled workers. A noticeable number of them are foreigners. A perceptible part of the last group stays below the poverty line (Country Studies, n.d). Germany is very much affluent and technologically powerful country. They have got access to many resources. Germany’s triumphs in the field of technology and science have been prominent. Research and development efforts form an important part of the German economy. The scientific research in the country is mostly supported by the industries over there. Germany is the largest economy in Europe and at the same time, the second most populated country in Europe. Out of the many environmental issues Germany has, some worries include the emissions from the burning of coal; industries are hugely contributing to this situation. Acid rain is another, which is produced from the emission of sulphur dioxide. This in turn damages forests, create pollution to Baltic Sea. Disposal of hazardous wastage is another environmental issue created mainly by the industries. These issues seem to be few of the problems, those people are concerned about. With the industries of vehicles,

Visual analysis of a work of art from the point of view of form and Essay

Visual analysis of a work of art from the point of view of form and design - Essay Example Thus the title ‘attack’ fits in the place. The feeling carried by the viewer from the title well matches with what the picture tries to say. The person, who picks the stones and passes it on to his fellow protestors, represents the feeling of aggression and unity the weavers had during the protest. Though the contour lines are outlined, it blends into the background in many places adding much to the context. The lines vary in their density representing different features of the picture. When the sharp and uniform lines which formulates the borders of the closed gate in the picture symbolizes the strength against which the weavers fought, on the other side the calligraphic lines with which the weavers are drawn adds life and feelings to the etching. The support which the roughness of the medium provides to the context of the etching is quite evident. The impacts of the hardship faced by the weavers are well supported by this roughness and it reflects the mindset of the weavers as well. The curvatures of the etching too are quite expressive enough for the viewer to understand the relevance of the work. The darkness which reflects in the etching, leads the viewer towards the life and times of the period which is depicted. The hardships and the poverty of the weavers linger in this darkness. Kollwitz has ensured to bring that darkness in the faces of the weavers which well represent the dullness they had in their lives. The gradations in the art inspire the viewer to think on the weavers’ aspiration for prosperity and a better life. The composition of the features is quite oppressive as the balance and the symmetry of the work is understood by the viewer at the cost of few moments. The stretched hand and the hand offering a stone to it prove the harmonious relation in between the features and the historic reality which relates to the background of the artistic work. Thus the diagonals prove to thrust each other. The child in the

Chief Information Officer and Team Lead Tech Essay Example for Free

Chief Information Officer and Team Lead Tech Essay 1) The main organizational causes of the frustration that Ayishia Coles feels is that there is no clarity in her responsibility and authority within the organization, as well as with the IT and the other departments within the bank. One of the major points of frustration is the fact that there is no one defined as coordinator between the other departments and IT. Ayisha now is in the position of where she has to take on the role of deciding what happens in the company which is not making the managers of the other departments very happy. She is frustrated because solutions are expected immediately no matter how vaguely the problems are presented to the IT department. She also feels like the amount of talent which the staff house is not being used appropriately within the bank. She believes that the IT department should be allowed to do more than troubleshot and maintenance for the technology, she believes they should be able to present their own ideas. 2) First of all the problems need to be addressed and solved as quickly as possible. The first thing that needs to be done is that they need to make it clear what her position is and what exactly she is responsible for. If I were Marshall Pinkard, because Ayishia is the chief information officer, I would give her authority over the entire IT department. She will be in charge of coordinating with her team and the rest of the departments within the bank. Each department will have a technician who is responsible for is in charge of sharing important information with the manager of their department, and the rest of the department staff, they will also be asked to share any ideas they have about upgrades with the department managers. 3) I think that the organizational structure which would be the most effective for IT at FMBT would be a Traditional Vertical Structure.

Knowles Separate Peace Essays: Enemies of the Heart :: Separate Peace Essays

Enemies of the Heart  in  A Separate Peace Dealing with enemies has been a problem ever since the beginning of time. In A Separate Peace by John Knowels, the value of dealing with your feelings and dealing with your enemies is shown by Gene Forester, a student in Devon during World War 2 dealing with few human enemies, but his emotions create a nemesis far greater than any human enemy. "I never killed anybody," Gene had commented later in his adulthood, "And I never developed an intense level of hatred for the enemy. Because my war ended before I ever put on a uniform; I was on active duty all my time at Devon; I killed my enemy there." At Devon, Gene had a best friend, Finny, they were roommates and did many activities together. Finny was never the culprit, but usually the catalyst, for most of Gene's feelings, both good and bad. Gene was jealous of Finny's confidence, openness, modesty, superb athletic abilities, leadership skills, ability to deal with stress easily, care-free attitude, people skills and, of course, his good looks. Early in the story Finny demonstrated his openness when asked for his height, he said 5 foot, 8 ½ inches, while Gene replied 5 foot, 9 inches. Finny pointed out that they were the same height and Gene shouldn't be ashamed of his real height. Later that day, Finney suggests they skip dinner to go swimming in the river.   They are asked where they have been upon their return. Finny quickly replied that they were swimming in the river, something that is forbidden, and they got away with it. Gene said that the rules are very bent during the summer session, but it was actually Finny's people skills that had kept them out of trouble. Finny was very bold, as Gene many a time wished he was, on one occasion Finny wore a bright pink shirt "symbolizing the first U.S. bombing in Europe. Gene called him a "faerie" but really envied him. Later Finny wore the school tie as a belt and when questioned he claimed that it represented "Devon in the war." Gene was happily awaiting a scolding for Finny, but again, he got in no trouble. Another day the two were walking and came across a plaque near the pool claiming that A. Hopkins Parker held the record for swimming across the pool the fastest, Finny took one look at and thought he could beat it, so without any practice at all he plunged into the pool, Gene timed him and he beat it, just like that.

Different kinds of festivals Essay

In a year we have celebrated different kinds of festivals.Sometimes,we do celebrate festivals following our religion.Different religions have different festivals to celebrate.Festival are celebrated in a grand way and gives much joy. The same thing goes for me.I am a Hindu and I celebrate many festivals.The best festival I have ever experienced is Deepavali.Deepavali comes on the month of November and it is usually on the second week of the month.Deepavali is known as the festival of lights for the Hindus. Last year,my family and I celebrated Deepavali at our grandparent’s house.After we woke up,we had to take an oil bath which was massaged from the head down to our toes.Then, we wore our new traditional clothes,dhoti and sari.We got ready to go to the temple near the house. The priest in the temple made a special offering and prayers to the God on this special day. After prayers in the temple,we went back home.A fe w minutes later,my relatives and neighbours came to our house.My grandmother served them with scrumptious traditional food.For instance,murukku,vadai,and tose.They really enjoyed their food and they said it was very tasty. Before the guest left the house,my grandfather gave them â€Å"ang pows†.I was really shocked because throughout I know only Chinese gave â€Å"ang pows† during their festival,Chinese New Year but I never knew that Indiansdid that too. Then, it was time to take our lunch.My father prepared some banana leaves to use as plates.It had really a different taste when eating from a banana leaf.It really potraits a traditional style. In the evening,we packed our things to get ready to go back home.We really missed our grandparents because they were the only ones who celebrated Deepavali in a special way. Among all the Hindu festival,I think the last Deepavali was the best festival I had ever experienced.I like the way they celebrate the festival with lighting up lights around their house.It shows that our life always brightens with ha

Over Population Essay

The rapid increase of the Earth’s population is becoming an issue due to the depletion of forests and limited resources. There has been a dramatic increase in the World’s population by 5. 8 million from 1900 to the present day. In this era humans are reproducing more than in previous times causing them to cluster near each other in cities and to live in crowded conditions with limited resources. If the world continues to carry on these factors, in the near future the earth will not sustain its resources.There are many factors that contribute to the overpopulation of the world. Developing countries in need of education, major gap in wealth along with social class and the exploitation of earth’s resources are factors of overpopulation. In some countries, many individuals do not have money or the opportunity to be educated and as a result they do not know how to control the population in the means of using protection to control. â€Å"Lack of family planning is com monly seen in the illiterate lot of the world rise in birth rate.† (Beddinton, J, 2010)Illiteracy is an important factor that contributes to overpopulation. It has been proved that individuals with a minimum of a post-secondary education are likely to have fewer kids than those who do not possess a post-secondary education. â€Å"1/3 of the population growth in the world is the result of incidental or unwanted pregnancies. † (Beddington, J, 2010) The concept of birth control isn’t quite accepted in many cultures. Using birth control measures is considered forbidden in certain cultures.In some cultures, male children are preferred. This ultimately forces couples to produce children till a child of the preferred gender is conceived. Women are often pressured from the family and society to children. It is a role that women are given, not by choice, but by their societies. They are child bearers and always will be.â€Å"Those lacking education don’t quite und erstand the need to curb population growth. Modern methods of birth control and  family planning don’t reach certain societies either, making it difficult for them to have methods of curbing their growing population. † (Oak, M, 2012) These people are unable to understand what impact overpopulation can have because they are not taught about the international concern not do they have time to think about it with all that they already deal with. Those with education can make more responsible decisions about marriage and childbirth. Thus education is an effective tool to curb overpopulation.Human nature always wants something more or better and realistically people are never completely satisfied. The problem is that, there are too many people on the planet for all of them to live well and carry a comfortable life. There is an immense difference in the income of individuals and there are also such differences in the power between social classes. As more wealth and resources have become available, the cost associated with obtaining these resources is forced to increase, resulting in unequal access to them.â€Å"Those living at the middle, lower, and bottom of the income brackets find it more difficult to sustain a viable quality of life. †(Beddington, J, 2010) Compared to the entire population, there are only a few people that possess large amounts of money and power over the rest of the people. As the Earth’s population continues to increase, the more poverty that there will be. There are evidently more than enough resources to go around to everybody on the planet, but the distribution of these resources is not equal.Millionaires are constantly trying to figure out how to make more money and they hire people at extremely low wages because those people are unfortunately desperate. The Bourgeoisie will always have the money by passing along wealth and the Proletariat will always be stuck in the position of doing heavy labour for little inc ome. Money is scarce to some extent for everyone. The top one percent holds way too much money and power over everyone else. Because of these people the wealth is very unequal, causing poverty and allowing the rich to hold all the riches and the poor to have less.Increasing population leads to companies increasing the need for products thus more productions are made. People in agriculture such as farmers have always had the ability to exploit their resources in order to reach the fullest potential of their harvest but this is starting to change. One resource that is particularly running low is the element of life, fresh water. â€Å"Out of the total water on earth only two percent is fresh and of that only one is able to be used the rest is locked up as parts of gasses or as ice in the polar caps.†(Beddington, J, 2010)Humans use half of all the available fresh water yet many still can’t find enough. Over one billion people lack access if they have any to clean and safe drinking water. As population grows, so will the number of people living in these conditions where they are unable to obtain basic resources. â€Å"The water tables of China, India, Pakistan, Mexico and Yemen are dropping by 1 to 3 meters per year, as are those of the US, especially in the southern Great Plains where â€Å"thousands of farms †¦Ã‚  have gone dry†.Since one ton of grain requires 1000 tons of water, this water deficit will cross international borders in the form of increasing grain prices worldwide. †(Beddington, J, 2010) The planet is clearly having a difficult time managing the need of products due to the growing high demands of goods and resources. Nearly 80 million people are added to the planet every year and a healthy future does not lie ahead unless a change for materials and materials that can be recycled is demanded.Overpopulation is a serious subject and a growing issue for today’s generation and those ahead. There needs to be incre ased awareness on this issue, because it’s becoming a problem that is increasing every second. Education needs to be provided for those in need in order to help reduce the birth rate, resources must be managed wisely in order to save resources for the years to come and a development for a better share of wealth throughout the world needs to be found in order to control this problem that generations ahead and maybe even this era is facing.People need to look at the numbers, according to U. N the world population is projected to hit 9. 6 billion by 2050. Earth cannot hold an infinite population and the pollution that they cause. Overpopulation won’t resolve itself; the birth rate will not magically decrease and change will not take place until the people truly want it and act upon it.

The most missable proofreading errors - Emphasis

The most missable proofreading errors The most missable proofreading errors Last month, we set you a proofreading task. After the results were in, two things became clear. One: you like a challenge. And two: some errors can outfox even the most eagle-eyed of us. Dont let these ones fool you twice. 1. Punctuating around brackets (or, watch where you stick that). It may seem tidier to pop the full stop inside the closing bracket, but only do this when the brackets contain a full sentence. When they contain a mere aside (as above), you need to complete the sentence outside the brackets by putting the punctuation outside too. Do note, though, that asides may include an exclamation mark (heck, yeah!) or question mark if necessary, but these wont replace the closing punctuation outside the brackets (get it?). 2. Make sure you read the big print. Subject lines and headings can contain mistakes too. For some reason, its easy to forget to proofread titles, headings and subject lines. But you can be sure any mistakes left in them will leap off the page at your reader. 3. A mnemonic may be necessary. A touch specific, this one, but the misspelled neccessary was missed by many in the challenge. If you find it tricky to keep track of how many cs and ss you need, remember: it is necessary to have one collar and two socks. 4. Inspect the unexpected. Most of the time we easily recognise mistakes because they clash with what we know is right what were used to seeing. So be wary of and double-check any words youre less familiar with, as the alarm bells arent always there to ring. These may include foreign or Latin words or jargon, or even where to put the apostrophe in an unusual possessive, such as each others. 5. Spell-check is a fair-weather friend. Use it, but dont rely on it. It will happily leave you with such blush-inducing blunders as using your instead of youre, goon instead of go on, lets in place of lets and even an umber of typos rather than a number of typos. A good tip is to keep a written note of these stealth errors (plus any of your own personal blind spots). Have it to hand when youre proofing to make sure you always remain vigilant. And if this has got you in the mood for a challenge, why not have a go at our spelling quiz?

Geography of the Southern Hemisphere and Facts

Geography of the Southern Hemisphere and Facts The Southern Hemisphere is the southern portion or half of the Earth. It begins at the equator at 0 degrees latitude and continues south into higher latitudes until it reaches 90 degrees south, the South Pole in the middle of Antarctica. The word hemisphere itself specifically means half of a sphere, and because the earth is spherical (although it is considered an oblate sphere) a hemisphere is half. Geography and Climate of the Southern Hemisphere In the Northern Hemisphere, the majority of the area is composed of land masses instead of water. In comparison, the Southern Hemisphere has fewer land masses and more water. The South Pacific, South Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and various seas such as the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand and the Weddell Sea near Antarctica make up around 80.9 percent of the Southern Hemisphere. The land comprises only 19.1 percent. The continents making up the Southern Hemisphere include all of Antarctica, around one third of Africa, most of South America, and nearly all of Australia. Because of the large presence of water in the Southern Hemisphere, the climate in the Earths southern half is milder overall than the Northern Hemisphere. In general, water heats and cools more slowly than land so water near any land area usually has a moderating effect on the lands climate. Since water surrounds land in much of the Southern Hemisphere, more of it is moderated than in the Northern Hemisphere. The Southern Hemisphere, like the Northern Hemisphere, is also divided into several different regions based on climate. The most prevalent are the southern temperate zone, which runs from the Tropic of Capricorn to the beginning of the Arctic Circle at 66.5 degrees south. This area features a temperate climate which generally has large amounts of precipitation, cold winters, and warm summers. Some countries included in the southern temperate zone include most of Chile, all of New Zealand and Uruguay. The area directly north of the southern temperate zone and lying between the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn are known as the tropics- an area which has warm temperatures and precipitation year round. South of the southern temperate zone is the Antarctic Circle and the Antarctic continent. Antarctica, unlike the rest of the Southern Hemisphere, is not moderated by the large presence of water because it is a very large land mass. In addition, it is considerably colder than the Arctic in the Northern Hemisphere for the same reason. Summer in the Southern Hemisphere lasts from around December 21 to the vernal equinox around March 20. Winter lasts from around June 21 to the autumnal equinox around September 21. These dates are due to the Earths axial tilt and from the period of December 21 to March 20, the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, while during the June 21 to September 21 interval, it is tilted away from the sun. The Coriolis Effect and the Southern Hemisphere An important component of physical geography in the Southern Hemisphere is the Coriolis Effect and the specific direction that objects are deflected in Earths southern half. In the southern hemisphere, any object moving over the Earths surface deflects to the left. Because of this, any large patterns in air or water turn counterclockwise south of the equator. For example, there are many large oceanic gyres in the North Atlantic and North Pacific- all of which turn counterclockwise. In the Northern Hemisphere, these directions are reversed because objects are deflected to the right. In addition, the left deflection of objects impacts the flows of air over the Earth. A high-pressure system, for example, is an area where the atmospheric pressure is greater than that of the surrounding area. In the Southern Hemisphere, these move counterclockwise because of the Coriolis Effect. By contrast, low-pressure systems or areas where atmospheric pressure is less than that of the surrounding area move clockwise because of the Coriolis Effect in the Southern Hemisphere. Population and the Southern Hemisphere Because the Southern Hemisphere has less land area than the Northern Hemisphere it should be noted that population is lower in Earths southern half than in the north. The majority of Earths population and its largest cities are in the Northern Hemisphere, although there are large cities such as Lima, Peru, Cape Town, South Africa, Santiago, Chile, and Auckland, New Zealand. Antarctica is the largest landmass in the Southern Hemisphere and it is the worlds largest cold desert. Although it is the largest area of land in the Southern Hemisphere, it is not populated because of its extremely harsh climate and the difficulty of building permanent settlements there. Any human development that has taken place in Antarctica consists of scientific research stations- most of which are operated only during the summer. In addition to people, however, the Southern Hemisphere is incredibly biodiverse as the majority of the worlds tropical rainforests are in this region. For example, the Amazon Rainforest is almost entirely in the Southern Hemisphere as are biodiverse places such as Madagascar and New Zealand. Antarctica also has a large variety of species adapted to its harsh climates such as emperor penguins, seals, whales and various types of plants and algae.

Customer Relationship Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Customer Relationship Management - Essay Example It is evident from the study that the customer relationship management aims to trim down costs and boost profitability by solidifying client loyalty. Customer relationship management may have a key impact on a business through: changing the attention from merchandise to client streamlining the offer to what the client requires, not what the business can make. This stresses the competencies required for a successful Customer Relationship Management procedure. CRM has specialized inputs, components and characteristics, which characterize CRM of a corporation and client base capacity for development and advancement over time. It contains particulars of customers; thus, it is very simple to follow a client accordingly and can be useful in the determination of customer’s profitability. All the information in CRM system is centralized that is accessible anytime on fingertips. This decreases process time and enhances efficiency. The strongest facet of CRM is that it is particularly c ost-effective. The main benefit of CRM system is that there is incredibly no requirement of paper and physical work, which involves lesser staff to supervise and resources to administer. New interactive technologies provide effective and acceptable level of service in order for a company to retain customers. In circumstance after circumstance, companies concurrently under-deliver on service components that are significant to customers, and over-deliver on service point clients might not regard about or even discern. (Peppers & Rogers, 2004). In many businesses, assignment of service provision is specific to frontline functions. These roles may be held up amid a broken system and an aggravated customer with modest capability to tackle any of the deeper systemic subjects. Therefore, this limits the degree of the relationship and understanding between the company and the customer. Thus, companies have to shift from depending on their technologies to analyzing their customer behavior to maximize their profits. A distinctive characteristic of companies that uphold success with clients is their capability to connect with customers as individuals. Businesses that appear engrossed in their clients’ lives and, consequently, convey an extremely personal, human experience. Embodying customers incorporate organized ways to entrench empathy in the foundation processes of client discovery, plan and delivery experiences, which are constructive for customers and beneficial as well as tactically pertinent for the business. Empathy is the recognition with or sensational experiencing of the feelings, situations, feelings, attitudes or thoughts of another (Peppers & Rogers, 2004). Apple Computers Apple computers have an understandable and straightforward set of products. Therefore, it is effortless to comprehend the differences between their product families, products and diverse configurations. Complicating products make it hard for a customer to understand the product an d even identify with it; thus, cementing the relationship between the company and customer. Apple restructures its product packaging and offerings to generate a simpler proposition for customers (Peel and Gancarz, 2002). Category and product simplification attracts a customer concentration from derivate labels, meaning that less is significant in a customer’s behavior. Apple computers place the customer at the centre of design. Engineers build and design personal computers and mobile phones, an approach which leads to baffling messages on machines. However, Apple sets design and

Customer behavior Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Customer behavior - Case Study Example By cooling down, one is prepared to answer back courageously and explain exhaustively if the statement is untrue. It must be understood that some customers make negative comments in order to trick hotel management into offering them discounts, free visits to the hotel, and money back guarantee. Make professional responses (Cheng et al, 5). Customers are ken on any statement made in favor or against the allegation. Therefore, hotel managers should show empathy and concern to show customers’ feelings are respected. Offer a long lasting solution when necessary and be willing to learn from what customers comment. However, in cases where defaming statements are made, it is good to request review sites administrators to evaluate its credibility and remove such comments if they are not worth. In most cases, customers buy commodities depending on what others have commended about them. I can only buy items through an online platform if am guaranteed quality. Therefore, I will check what previous buyers have said about it. The same applies to hotel bookings. When visiting new places for a tour, it is always difficult to tell where to spend the night. However, through the help of travel directories and customer reviews in regards of hotels in that location, it is easy to make an informed decision on where to stay depending on cost, customer service, and comfort. Consumer behavior is shaped by what people hear, see, and read about products they intent to purchase. Therefore, marketers must be keen in making sure customers get the very best out of the products. However, it is almost impossible to avoid negative online reviews. Therefore, companies must be ready to learn from the reviews in cases where they make sense and explain to customers where there is misunderstanding. Cheng, Vincent TP, and Mei Kun Loi. "Handling negative online customer reviews: the effects of elaboration likelihood model and distributive justice." Journal of